Skip Navigation



eCAM Advance Access published online on December 17, 2008
eCAM, doi:10.1093/ecam/nen077
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrow E-letters: Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when E-letters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Higuchi, C. T.
Right arrow Articles by Leite, C. Q. F.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Higuchi, C. T.
Right arrow Articles by Leite, C. Q. F.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?


© 2008 The Author(s).
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Byrsonima fagifolia Niedenzu Apolar Compounds with Antitubercular Activity

C. T. Higuchi1, M. Sannomiya2, F. R. Pavan1, S. R. A. Leite2, D. N. Sato3, S. G. Franzblau4, L. V. S. Sacramento1, W. Vilegas2 and C. Q. F. Leite1

1Unesp, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01, CEP 14801-902, Araraquara – SP, Brasil, 2Unesp, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Química, Rua Francisco Degni s/n. Bairro Quitandinha, C.P.335. CEP 14800-900 Araraquara – SP, Brasil, 3Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Laboratório de Micobacteriologia, Rua Minas, 887, CEP 14085-410, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil and 4Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Acknowledgements
 References
 
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the chloroform extract of Byrsonima fagifolia leaves led to the isolation of active antitubercular compounds alkane dotriacontane (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration—MIC, 62.5 µg ml–1), triterpenoids as bassic acid (MIC = 2.5 µg ml–1), {alpha}-amyrin acetate (MIC = 62.5 µg ml–1), a mixture of lupeol, {alpha}- and β-amyrin (MIC = 31.5 µg ml–1) and a mixture of lupeol, and acetates of {alpha}- and β-amyrin (MIC = 31.5 µg ml–1). The antimycobacterial activity was determined by the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) and the structures of promising compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis. This investigation constitutes the first report of a chemical and antitubercular study of apolar compounds from B. fagifolia Niedenzu (IK).

Keywords: antimycobacterial activity – bassic acid – Byrsonima fagifolia – dotriacontane – Malpighiaceae – triterpenes – tuberculosis


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Acknowledgements
 References
 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of tuberculosis, is responsible for high mortality worldwide, killing roughly 1.7 million people annually (1). The situation with multidrug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) today worries the health authorities of the whole world, mainly in the developing countries, where the situation is more severe. The appearance of resistant strains to the medicines now in use makes urgent the search for new synthetic or natural tuberculostatic drugs. There are several reasons that justify the need to search for new drugs for TB, e.g. improvement of current treatment by shortening its duration, to get efficient treatment for MDR TB and to eradicate the latent infection. So, the development of new drugs for shortening the duration of the treatment and to fight against multidrug resistant tuberculosis strains is urgent (2).

An approach to the search for new drugs is to look in nature, mainly for the extremely rich and varied flora of the tropical areas. In this search, information obtained from folk knowledge and traditional medicine of different cultures can be valuable. This trend in associating popular or alternative medicine with pharmaceutical research has been growing for some years (3).

Byrsonima fagifolia Niedenzu (IK) is a member of the Malpighiaceae family and is a native species from the Brazilian Cerrado (savannah-like vegetation). The Cerrado is considered the most extensive woodland-savannah in South America and contains over 5000 species of higher plants (4), some of then with antimicrobial activities (5). B. fagifolia is popularly known as murici-cascudo or murici-vermelho (6). In Brazilian folk medicine, the leaves of B. fagifolia are used as an antiemetic, diuretic, febrifuge and to treat peptic ulcers (6). Previously, we also have reported the antiulcer activity of B. crassa extracts (7) and the antidiarrhoeal activity observed with the methanol extract of B. cinera (8). Despite the popular use of B. fagifolia as a medicinal plant, there are no data on the antitubercular activity of its leaves extract or compounds.

Plants extracts are attractive sources of new drugs, and bioassay-guided fractionation is the state-of-art process to identify the active compounds contained in crude natural products. The aim of this study is to evaluate by Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA), the potential antitubercular activity of B. fagifolia leaves extracts, enriched fractions and pure compounds, identified by phytochemical analysis.


   Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
Results
 Discussion
 Acknowledgements
 References
 
Plant Material

The fresh leaves of B. fagifolia Niedenzu (IK) were collected at Estrada do Brejinho de Nazaré, Tocantins State, Brazil (11°01' S, 48°34' W, elevation 240 m) and the species was identified by Dr Eduardo Ribeiro dos Santos of Tocantins University. A voucher specimen was deposited in the herbarium of the same university under the number 6398.

Extraction and Isolation

The air-dried and powdered leaves (2.0 kg) of B. fagifolia were extracted exhaustively with chloroform, methanol and 80% methanol (methanol/water 80/20 v/v), successively at room temperature (48 h for each solvent). Solvents were evaporated at 60°C under reduced pressure to yield the chloroform (92.7 g), methanol (303.8 g) and 80% methanol (201.2 g) extracts. The yields (w/w) for the extracts from the dried powders of B. fagifolia leaves were 4.63, 15.19 and 10.06%, respectively.

A portion of the chloroform extract (10.0 g) was chromatographed on a Merck silica gel column (15 cm x 6.0 i.d) in order to separate the compounds according to their polarity.

The column was eluated sequentially with hexane, then dichloromethane and finally methanol. Evaporation of the solvents yielded the dry eluates from hexane (0.76 g), dichloromethane (3.9 g) and methanol (2.2 g).

The fraction eluated by hexane (0.76 g) was rechromatographied on a silica gel 60 column (13.0 x 2.0 cm i.d.) and eluated with pure n-hexane. Analogously, the other two fractions (eluated with methanol and dichloromethane) were fractionated on a similar column (13.0 x 3.0 cm i.d.) using pure chloroform as mobile phase, and gradually increasing the polarity with methanol (for the first fraction) or dichloromethane (for the second one).

Gas Chromatography Analysis

Gas chromatography (GC) analysis for hydrocarbon identification was performed using a Varian 3380 gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica CBP-5 capillary column (25 m x 0.33 mm i.d.; film thickness 0.5 m) and a flame ionization detector (FID). Hydrogen was used as the carrier gas (60 kPa), and the injection split ratio was 1:30. The injection temperature was 250°C; the column temperature was held at 50°C for 1 min, and then increased to 300°C at 10°C min–1, and this temperature was held for 10 min; the detector temperature was 280°C. Samples of 1 µl were injected using a 10 µl Hamilton syringe. The fraction eluated by hexane from the silica gel column of the B. fagifolia extract in chloroform was then analyzed by GC, and the chromatograms compared with standard hydrocarbons (straight chain alkanes kit, C9 to C32, from Aldrich), obtaining the retention times.

Structural Identification of the Triterpenes

Structural identification of the triterpenes was performed by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The NMR spectra in deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) were obtained using a Varian INOVA 500 spectrometer, operating at 500 MHz for 1H and 150 MHz for 13C. Chemical shifts were given in {delta} (p.p.m.) using tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard. The NMR spectra data obtained were compared with those reported in the literature (9). The identification of the isomeric amyrins and its acetates ({alpha} and β) is perfectly possible by the 13C NMR spectrum, even if they are mixed, once some similar bands of the isomeric ones have very different chemical shifts. Similarly, other triterpenes may be identified in mixtures, without previous separation (10).

Antitubercular Activity Assay

The antitubercular activity of chloroform, methanol and 80% methanol extracts of B. fagifolia leaves, the enriched fractions and pure compounds were determined using the MABA (11) as the analytical method. Stock solutions of the tested compounds were prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (11) and were diluted in Middlebrook 7H9 (Difco) broth supplemented with oleic acid, albumin, dextrose and catalase (OADC enrichment—BBL/Becton–Dikinson, Sparks, MD, USA) to obtain final sample concentrations ranges of 0.15–1600 µg ml–1. Isoniazid was solubilized with distilled water according to the manufacturers’ recommendations (Difco laboratories, Detroit, MI, USA) and used as a positive control drug. M. tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 was grown for 7–10 days in Middlebrook 7H9 supplemented with OADC added of 0.05% Tween 80 to avoid clumps. Suspensions were prepared and their turbidities matched to a McFarland no. 1 (turbidity standard). After further dilution of 1:25 in Middlebrook 7H9 supplemented with OADC, the inoculum was added to each well of the 96 well microtiter plate (Falcon 3072; Becton–Dickinson, Lincoln Park, NJ, USA) together with the compounds. Samples were set up in triplicate. Cultures were in incubated for 7 days at 37°C, and after additioned Alamar Blue for the reading. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was defined as the lowest concentration resulting in 90% inhibition of growth of M. tuberculosis (11) measuring the fluorescence (excitation/emission of 530/590 filters, respectively) in a SPECTRAfluor Plus (Tecan) (12). For standard test, the MIC value of isoniazid was determined each time. The acceptable MIC of Isoniazid ranged from 0.015 to 0.05 µg ml–1.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
Discussion
 Acknowledgements
 References
 
The fractions originating from the initial chromatography of the extract in chloroform of B. fagifolia leaves were submitted for subsequent column chromatographic separations, as described in Experimental section, yielded the following compounds:

The fraction eluated with hexane (0.76 g) yielded 530 mg of the n-alkane dotriacontane and 15.4 mg of the triterpene {alpha}-amyrin acetate. The triterpene bassic acid (234 mg) was obtained from 2.0 g of the methanol eluate and the dichloromethane fraction (2.0 g) resulted in a mixture of the triterpenes lupeol, {alpha}- and β-amyrin (223 mg), as well as the corresponding acetates (124 mg). The structures of the compounds are shown in Fig. 1. The alkane dotriacontane was identified by GC and all triterpenes were identified by their 13C NMR spectra.


Figure 1
View larger version (22K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PowerPoint slide]
  		Figure 1. Compounds identified from the chloroform extract of Byrsonima fagifolia.

 
The chloroform, methanol and 80% methanol extracts of leaves yielded MIC values of 62.5, 250 and 500 µg ml–1, respectively (Table 1). MIC of 31.25 µg ml–1 was observed in both mixtures obtained from the dichloromethane fraction of the chloroform extract (one with lupeol, {alpha}- and β-amyrin and the other with lupeol and acetates of {alpha}- and β-amyrin). The pure compounds {alpha}-amyrin acetate and dotriacontane, both showed MIC of 62.5 µg ml–1, and the bassic acid presented a very promising MIC value of 2.5 µg ml–1. The MIC of Isoniazid, used as a positive control drug, was 0.03 µg ml–1.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1. Determination of MIC values of extracts, fractions and compounds from leaves of B. fagifolia against M. tuberculosis ATCC 27294, using MABA

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
Acknowledgements
 References
 
According to Copp (13), terpenes dominate the number of natural products reported with antimycobacterial activity. Several terpenes (diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, sesterpenes and triterpenes) have demonstrated this biological activity (14).

Tosun et al. (15) considered inactive those plants extracts that could not prevent growth of M. tuberculosis up to a concentration of 200 µg ml–1 and according to Gu et al. (16) the MIC value of ≤128 µg ml–1 is defined as active. In the present study, the mixture of lupeol, {alpha}- and β-amyrin displayed lower MIC (31.25 µg ml–1) than those previously reported with pure lupeol (17) and {alpha}- and β-amyrin (18) isolated from Chuquiraga ulcina H. et A. and from Asteraceae Martinov flowers (64 µg ml–1). Their synergistic activity in the mixture might explain these results. In theory, fractionation allows for the isolation of pure compounds with higher activity than the mixture, but it is common the original extract or the mixture to have better activity. Houghton et al. (19) published an excellent review about this matter. The mixture containing lupeol and {alpha}- and β-amyrin acetates showed the same MIC value of 31.25 µg ml–1, suggesting that the acetylation of {alpha}- and β-amyrin does not influence their activity. A MIC of 62.5 µg ml–1, for the pure acetate of {alpha}-amyrin, double the value for the mixture, reinforces the synergistic effect among the components of the mixture against M. tuberculosis.

In previous study performed in Brazil, the new triterpene lupenone was isolated from B. microphyla A. Juss. (20) an other species of Byrsonima. Lupenone was not found in B. fagifolia but its activity against M. tuberculosis was tested by our group being found MIC of 125 µg ml–1 (Nasser ALM et al., unpublished data).

The triterpene bassic acid showed strong antitubercular activity with MIC values of 2.5 µg ml–1. This value is comparable with that found by Woldemichael et al. (21) for diterpenes isolated from Calceolaria pinnifolia Cav. and sterols from Ruprechitia triflora Griseb. with MICs of 2–4 µg ml–1. Although this MIC value is larger than the reference drug Isoniazid (MIC = 0.03 µg ml–1), the inhibitory concentration value of 2.5 µg ml–1 is comparable to MICs of the other first-line tuberculosis drugs, such as ethambutol (1–5 µg ml–1) and streptomycin (2–8 µg ml–1), and better than pyrazinamide (20–100 µg ml–1) (22).

The biological activity against Leishmania (23) and the hypoglycemic activity (24) were already described for bassic acid but never for M. tuberculosis.

Dotriacontane is an alkane with 32 carbons, and its antitubercular activity (62.5 µg ml–1) was also never described before, but the antimycobacterial activity of other alkanes is documented in an extensive review covering 12 years of natural products literature (16). Two alkenes derived from the microbial products, cerulenin and thiolactomycin, inhibit the function of β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthases, which are key regulators of type II fatty acid biosynthesis (25). As mycolic acids are prevalent in the outer lipid layer of mycobacteria, inhibitors of fatty acid biosynthesis represent existing and potential antimycobacterial agents.

In conclusion, the bioassay-directed fractionation of the chloroform extract of B. fagifolia leaves yielded the pure triterpene bassic acid with potent anti-TB activity. Promising activities were also verified for the mixture of lupeol, {alpha}-amyrin and β-amyrin or their acetates, and for dotriacontane.


  Footnotes
 
For reprints and all correspondence: C. Q. F. Leite, Unesp, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01, CEP 14801-902, Araraquara – SP, Brasil. Tel: 55-16-33016053; Fax: 55-16-33016940; E-mail: leitecqf{at}fcfar.unesp.br


   Acknowledgements
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Acknowledgements
References
 
We thank the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for a grant to Miriam Sannomiya and Fernando Rogério Pavan, and for funding of the project Biota-Fapesp 02/05503-6. We also thank CNPq for a grant to W. Vilegas. We thank Henri Berghs for assistance with revision of the manuscript.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Acknowledgements
 References
 

  1. WHO. (Accessed February 8, 2007). <http://www.who.int/globalatlas/dataQuery/reportData.asp?rptType=1>.
  2. Tripathi RP, Tewari N, Dwivedi N, Tiwari VK. Fighting tuberculosis: an old disease with new challenges. Med Res Rev ( 2005;) 93:: 93–131.
  3. Cooper EL. Drug Discovery, CAM and Natural Products (Editorial). Evid based Complement Alternat Med ( 2004;) 1:: 215–7.[Free Full Text]
  4. Klink CA. Relação entre o desenvolvimento agrícola e a biodiversidade. In: Biodiversidade e Produção Sustentável de Alimentos e Fibras no Cerrado —Pereira RC, Nasser LCB, eds. ( 1991;) Brasília: WWF. 25–7.
  5. Leite PS, Vieira JRC, de Medeiros PL, Leite RMP, Lima VLM, Xavier HS, et al. Antimicrobial Activity of Indigofera suffruticosa. Evid based Complement Alternat Med ( 2006;) 3:: 261–5.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Silva AP, Munhoz CB, Silva MC Jr, Medeiros MB. Guia de Plantas do Cerrado utilizadas na Chapada dos Veadeiros. ( 2001;) Brasília/DF: WWF.
  7. Sannomiya M, Fonseca VB, da Silva MA, Rocha LR, dos Santos LC, Hiruma-Lima CA, et al. Flavonoids and antiulcerogenic activity from Byrsonima crassa leaves extracts. J Ethnopharmacol ( 2005;) 97:: 1–6.[Medline]
  8. Figueiredo ME, Michelin DC, Sannomyia M, Silva MA, dos Santos LC, de Almeida FLR, et al. Avaliação química e anti-diarréica das folhas de Byrsonima cinera DC (Malpighiaceae). Braz J Pharm Sci ( 2005;) 41:: 79–83.
  9. Kundu AP, Mahato SB. 13C NMR spectra of penthacyclic triterpenoids – a compilation and some salient features. Phytochemistry ( 1994;) 37:: 1517–75.
  10. Olea RSG, Roque NF. Análise de misturas de triterpenos por RMN de 13C. Quím. Nova ( 1990;) 13:: 278–81.
  11. Franzblau SG, Witzig RS, McLaughlin JC, Torres P, Madico G, Hernandez A, et al. Rapid, low-technology MIC determination with clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates by using the microplate Alamar Blue assay. J Clin Microbiol ( 1998;) 36:: 362–6.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Collins L, Franzblau SG. Microplate alamar blue assay versus BACTEC 460 system for high-throughput screening of compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother ( 1997;) 41:: 1004–9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Copp BR. Antimycobacterial natural products. Nat Prod Rep ( 2003;) 20:: 535–57.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  14. Kanokmedhakul K, Kanokmedhakul S, Phatchana R. Biological activity of Anthraquinones and Triterpenoids from Prismatomeris fragrans. J Ethnopharmacol ( 2005;) 100:: 284–8.[Medline]
  15. Tosun F, Kizilay CA, Sener B, Vural M, Palittapongarnpim P. Antimycobacterial screening of some Turkish plants. J Ethnopharmacol ( 2004;) 95:: 273–5.[Medline]
  16. Gu JQ, Wang Y, Franzblau SG, Montenegro G, Yang D, Timmermann BN. Antitubercular constituents of Valeriana laxiflora. Planta Med ( 2004;) 00:: 509–14.
  17. Wächter GA, Valcic S, Flagg ML, Franzblau SG, Montenegro G, Suarez E, et al. Antitubercular activity of pentacyclic triterpenoids from plants of Argentina and Chile. Phytomedicine ( 1999;) 6:: 341–5.[Medline]
  18. Akihisa T, Franzblau SG, Ukiya M, Okuda H, Zhang F, Yasukawa K, et al. Antitubercular activity of triterpenoids from Asteraceae flowers. Biol Pharm Bull ( 2005;) 28:: 158–60.[Medline]
  19. Houghton PJ, Howesb MJ, Lee CC, Steventon G. Uses and abuses of in vitro tests in ethnopharmacology: Visualizing an elephant (Review). J Ethnopharmacol ( 2007;) 110:: 391–400.[Medline]
  20. Aguiar RM, David JP, David JM. Unusual naphthoquinones, catechin and triterpene from Byrsonima microphylla. Phytochemistry ( 2005;) 66:: 2388–92.[Medline]
  21. Woldemichael GM, Franzblau SG, Zhang F, Wang Y, Timmermann BN. Inhibitory effect of sterols from Ruprechtia triflora and diterpenes from Calceolaria pinnifolia on the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Planta Med ( 2003;) 69:: 628–31.[Medline]
  22. Médecins Sans Frontières. (Accessed February 8, 2007). <http://www.accessmed-msf.org/campaign/tb01.shtm>.
  23. Lala S, Pramanick S, Mukhopadhyay S, Bandyopadhyay S, Basu MK. Harmine: evaluation of its antileishmanial properties in various vesicular delivery systems. J Drug Target ( 2005;) 12:: 165–75.
  24. Naik SR, Barbosa Filho JM, Dhuley JN, Deshmukh V. Probable mechanism of hypoglycemic activity of basic acid, a natural product isolated from. Bumelia sartorum. J Ethnopharmacol ( 1991;) 33:: 37–44.
  25. Parrish NM, Kuhajda FP, Heine HS, Bishai WR, Dick JD. Antimycobacterial activity of cerulenin and its effects on lipid biosynthesis. J Antimicrob Chemother ( 1999;) 43:: 219–26.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Received June 28, 2008; accepted November 14, 2008


Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrow E-letters: Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when E-letters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Higuchi, C. T.
Right arrow Articles by Leite, C. Q. F.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Higuchi, C. T.
Right arrow Articles by Leite, C. Q. F.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?