Skip Navigation



eCAM Advance Access published online on October 29, 2007
eCAM, doi:10.1093/ecam/nem166
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrowOA All Versions of this Article:
7/1/69    most recent
nem166v1
Right arrow E-letters: Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when E-letters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Matsumoto, T.
Right arrow Articles by Yamada, H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Matsumoto, T.
Right arrow Articles by Yamada, H.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?


© 2007 The Author(s).
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Hochuekkito, a Kampo (traditional Japanese herbal) Medicine, Enhances Mucosal IgA Antibody Response in Mice Immunized with Antigen-entrapped Biodegradable Microparticles

Tsukasa Matsumoto1,2, Masaaki Noguchi1, Osamu Hayashi3, Kimiko Makino4 and Haruki Yamada1,2

1Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, 2Oriental Medicine Research Center, The Kitasato Institute, Tokyo 108-8642, 3Department of Health and Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, Saitama 350-0288 and 4Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
The effect of oral administration of Hochuekkito (HET; Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang in Chinese), a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, on mucosal IgA immune response was investigated. To induce the antigen-specific antibodies in mucosal site, ovalbumin (OVA)-entrapped biodegradable microparticles (OVA-microparticles) were used as an antigen. Mice were orally immunized with OVA-microparticles for 3 successive days with intragastric gavage. From 7 days after the onset of immunization, the mice were boosted twice a week with the same antigen for 2 weeks. HET or water alone was orally administered to the mice via the intragastric route from 7 days before to 27 days after the onset of immunization. Although no significant change in total secretory IgA antibody level was observed in intestinal and nasal washes, OVA-specific IgA titers in intestinal washes were significantly enhanced by oral administration of HET. When lymphocytes from spleen, peripheral blood and Payer's patches were investigated for cytokines production, it was found that the IFN-{gamma} secretion from the lymphocytes was increased by the administration of HET. Microarray analysis of Peyer's patch cells revealed enhanced expression of L-selectin gene. The increase of L-selectin positive cells in B lymphocytes fraction was observed in Peyer's patch cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells by flow cytometry. These results suggest that the enhanced IFN-{gamma} secretion and increased population of L-selectin positive B lymphocytes by orally administered HET may partly contribute to enhancement of IgA immune response against intestinal antigens, and orally administered HET may strengthen defensive systems against various pathogens and food antigens in intestine.

Keywords: DNA microarray – Hochuekkito – Kampo – L-selectin – mucosal IgA – Peyer's patch – OVA-microparticle


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Hochuekkito (HET; Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang in Chinese) is one of Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicines, which consists of 10 component herbs, and well-known Kampo formulas used as tonic. This formula has been identified as an effective drug to improve function of the digestive system and to strengthen defensive system against various infections. It promotes certain biological activities including enhancement of natural killer cells (1) and macrophage activity (2). HET also has an inhibitory effect on influenza virus infection via enhancement of host immune responses in virus-infected mice (3). Recently, we have found that orally administered HET enhanced immune response against the intranasally administered antigen (4).

The gut-associated lymphoreticular tissues exist on intestinal mucosal sites and play an important role in host defense including IgA response in the mucosal immune system (5). The central aspect of a mucosal immune response is the generation of antigen-specific IgA antibodies at the external secretions. Once produced by mature plasma cells, IgA is transported onto the mucosal surface, where it interacts with invading pathogens by inhibiting their adherence and forming immune complexes (6).

The inner surface of the intestinal tract possesses a large area of mucosal membranes, and the intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) sit at the interface between a lumen and a lymphocyte-rich lamina propria. The cross talk that occurs between these compartments serves to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Because Kampo medicines are taken orally, the gastric mucosal immune system may act as one of the major targets for expression of pharmacological activity. However, the modulating activity of Kampo medicines on mucosal immune system is not fully understood.

In this research, we attempt to evaluate whether HET can stimulate IgA antibody response against intestinal antigen by using ovalbumin (OVA)-entrapped biodegradable microparticles (OVA-microparticles), and found that HET enhanced antigen-specific mucosal IgA response. The present article deals with the effect of orally administered HET on the enhanced mucosal IgA response against intestinal antigen.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Materials

Spray-dried extract preparation of HET (TJ-41, Lot No. 920041001PO) was kindly supplied by Tsumura & Co. (Tokyo, Japan). HET for 1 day dose was prepared as follows: a mixture of Astragali Radix (4 g, roots of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge), Atractylodis lanceae Rhizoma (4 g, rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC.), Ginseng Radix (4 g, roots of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), Angelicae Radix (3 g, roots of Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa), Bupleuri Radix (2 g, roots of Bupleurum falcatum L.), Zizyphi Fructus (2 g, fruits of Zizyphus jujuba Miller var. inermis Rehder), Aurantii Bobilis Pericarpium (2 g, pericarps of ripe fruits of Citrus unshu Markovich), Glycyrrhizae Radix (1.5 g, roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch et DC.), Cimicifugae Rhizoma (1 g, rhizomes of Cimicifuga simplex Wormskjord) and Zingiberis Rhizoma (0.5 g, rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe) was added to water and extracted at 100°C for 1 h. The extracted solution was filtered and spray-dried to obtain dry extract powder (5 g). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan chose 5 g of the extract as a dosage for 1 day for adult human. Chemical profile of HET obtained by the 3D HPLC analysis is shown in Fig. 1.


Figure 1
View larger version (43K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PowerPoint slide]
  		Figure 1. Chemical profile of HET analyzed by 3D HPLC. The each peak of HET in the HPLC profile was identified by comparison of the retention times and UV spectra of chemically defined standard compounds. HPLC condition was as follows: Column; Tosoh TSK GEL ODS-80Ts (4.6 x 250 mm). Carrier A: 0.05 M ammonium acetate (pH 3.6). Carrier B: Acetonitrile. Gradient: 10–100% carrier B linear in 60 min. Flow rate: 1.0 ml min–1. Injection volume: 30 µl. Detector: Shimadzu SPD-M10A VP.

 
Mice

Specific pathogen free C3H/HeJ female mice (6- to 8-weeks old) were obtained from SLC (Shizuoka, Japan). Mice were maintained in a 24 h light and dark cycle (12 h of light, 12 h of darkness) and controlled temperature (23 ± 1°C) and they had free access to standard laboratory chow (Oriental Yeast Co., Tokyo, Japan) and water. The procedure from the Prime Minister's Office of Japan (No. 6 of March 27, 1980) for the care and use of laboratory animals was followed. The experiments were conducted in accordance with Guidelines for Animal Use and Experimentation of the Kitasato Institute (Tokyo, Japan), and the approval number of the animal experimentation was 2006-1-35-1 (Kitasato Institute). For oral administration to mice, HET extract was suspended in distilled water at a concentration of 100 mg ml–1. HET was orally administered through a gastric tube once a day (4:00 PM) in a volume of 100 µl per 10 g of body weight, while control group was administered equal volumes of water alone. During the experiments, behavioral changes and/or motor deficit were not observed in between the control and HET administered groups, and decrease in body weight was also not observed (data not shown).

Preparation of OVA-Microparticles

The OVA-microparticles were prepared using the water-in-oil-in-water emulsion solvent evaporation technique according to the methods of Jeffery et al. (7). OVA (albumin, chicken egg white, grade V, Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in water to a concentration of 10%. Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide, 50 : 50) (PLG; Sigma) was dissolved in dichloromethane to a concentration of 12%. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, Sigma) was dissolved in water to a concentration of 2%. One milliliter of aqueous OVA solution was emulsified with 10 ml of PLG solution using an ultrasonic homogenizer (Type 200, Branson, Danbury, CT, USA). The resulting w/o emulsion was then emulsified at high speed with 100 ml of aqueous PVA solution to produce a w/o/w emulsion. The w/o/w emulsion was then stirred magnetically for 18 h at room temperature and pressure, to allow solvent evaporation and microparticle formation. The microparticles were isolated by centrifugation, washed three times with water and freeze-dried. The surface of OVA-microparticles as observed under scanning electron microscope was free from any pores or cracks (Fig. 2). Protein content of OVA-microparticles was measured using a bicinchoninic acid (8), and was 10.8% as OVA. OVA free blank microparticles were prepared identically in the absence of OVA.


Figure 2
View larger version (148K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PowerPoint slide]
  		Figure 2. Scanning electron micrograph of OVA-microparticles. The dried preparation was covered with a 10 nm thick gold film by sputter coating (JEOL, JFC-1200 FINE COATER, Tokyo, Japan), then examined with a JSM-5600 scanning electron microscope (JEOL) operated at an acceleration voltage of 5 kV.

 
Schedule for Immunization of OVA and HET Administration

OVA-microparticles were suspended in 0.5 ml of water, and mice were immunized orally on days 0, 1, 2, 7, 10, 14 and 17 with 2 mg of OVA antigen via the intragastric route. HET were orally administered to the mice with intragastric gavage from 7 days before to 27 days after the starting of immunization.

Preparation of Nasal and Intestinal Washes

The small intestine was dissected and placed on an ice-cold glass plate, and the lumen was flushed with 3 ml of cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 0.05% Tween 20 and a protease inhibitor mixture (2.5 µg ml–1 aprotinin, 2.5 µg ml–1 pepstatin and 2.5 µg ml–1 leupeptin) to collect the intestinal wash. The head of the mouse was removed and the lower jaw was excised, a hypodermic needle was inserted into the posterior opening of the nasopharynx, and 500 µl of the flushing solution described earlier was injected to collect the nasal wash. The washes were centrifuged 10 min at 2330xg and the supernatants were immediately frozen and stored at –20°C.

Detection of Anti-OVA IgA Antibody and Total IgA by ELISA

The specific anti-OVA IgA antibody content of the intestinal and nasal washes was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA was performed as follows: microtiter plates (Immulon® 4 HBX, Thermo Labsystems; Franklin, MA, USA) were coated overnight with 100 µl per well of 1% OVA. Unbound OVA on the plate was removed by washing with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST, 300 µl) four times. The plate was further incubated with 1% BSA in PBS (PBS–BSA) (300 µl per well) at 37°C for 1 h, and washed with PBST four times. Serial dilution of the intestinal and nasal washes was done with PBS–BSA. The resulting dilutions were added to the wells (100 µl per well), and incubated at 37°C for 1 h. After the plate was washed with PBST five times, biotin-labeled anti-mouse IgA (clone R5-140) (PharMingen, San Diego, CA, USA), which was diluted with PBST, was added to the wells and incubated at 37°C for 1 h. Then the plate was washed six times with PBST. Streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) diluted with PBST (1 : 2000) was added to each well and the plates were then incubated at room temperature for 30 min. The plate was washed with PBST five times, and each well was incubated with 150 µl of chromogenic substrate solution (1 mg of p-nitrophenylphosphate disodium salt in 1 ml of 10% diethanolamine buffer, pH 9.8) at room temperature. The absorbance at 405 nm was measured during incubation using a microplate reader (Model 450, Bio-Rad). Total IgA was measured by a standard sandwich ELISA using anti-mouse IgA (clone C10-3) and biotin-labeled anti-mouse IgA (R5-140) (PharMingen, San Diego, CA, USA).

Detection of Cytokines by ELISA

The interferon (IFN)-{gamma} and interleukin (IL)-4 were measured by using sandwich ELISA kit (Amersham Biosciences AB, Uppsala, Sweden). The tests were performed according to the supplier's instruction manuals.

Preparation of Cell Suspension

Under light ether anesthesia, blood was obtained aseptically by cardiac puncture, and spleen and Peyer's patches were removed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were prepared from heparinized whole blood using a standard Percoll density gradient. In brief, the blood was layered onto the top of the discontinuous gradient containing 67.5 and 40% of Percoll (Amersham Biosciences AB). After centrifugation (600xg for 20 min), the interface layer between 67.5 and 40% was carefully removed and washed twice with Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS), and then resuspended in RPMI 1640 containing 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at a final concentration of 2.5 x 106 cells ml–1. Splenocytes and Peyer's patch cells were isolated as previously described (9). The cell viability was uniformly >95% as determined by trypan blue exclusion, and always >95% of the cells showed lymphocyte and <1% macrophage morphology with characteristic staining.

Cell Culture and Cytokine Production Measurements

The lymphocytes were suspended at a density of 2.5 x 106 cells ml–1 in RPMI 1640–5% FBS. Five hundred microliter of aliquots of cell suspension were dispensed into 48-well flat bottom microculture plates (Falcon 3048, Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and cultured for 48 h at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2-95% air with 1 µg ml–1 of anti-mouse CD3 (145-2C11) for the induction of cytokines. After the culture of lymphocytes, the culture supernatants were collected and stored at –20°C for the quantitative analysis of cytokines.

Isolation of Total RNA and Generation of Biotin-labeled cRNA

Total RNA was purified using an RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). Residual genomic DNA in the total RNA samples was removed by incubation with 10 units DNase I per 100 µg total RNA (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA) at 37°C for 30 min. RNA integrity was verified using the Bioanalyzer 1000 (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Biotin-labeled cRNA was generated in a two-step procedure. Initially, first-strand cDNAs were synthesized from 4.0 µg of total RNA using 1.0 unit of SuperScript II RT (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) in the presence of 100 p mole T7 promoter Oligo dT primer. After second-strand synthesis, the DNA was purified with a DNA Clean and Concentrator-5 kit (Zymo Research, Orange, CA, USA). The purified double-stranded cDNA was transcribed into cRNA using the MEGAscript in vitro transcription kit (Ambion). The in vitro transcription reaction was carried out in a total volume of 23.0 µl consisting of 3.0 µl of double-stranded cDNA, 2.3 µl of 10x Ambion reaction buffer, 2.3 µl of 10x Ambion T7 enzyme mix and 15.4 µl of NTP labeling mix (7.5 mM ATP, 7.5 mM GTP, 5.625 mM UTP, 5.625 mM CTP, 1.875 mM biotin-16-UTP and 1.875 mM biotin-11-CTP). The in vitro transcription reaction was incubated at 37°C for 16 h in a thermocycler. The cRNA was purified with an RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen).

Microarray Analysis

A total of 500 unique murine sequences were used to construct high-density oligonucleotide DNA microarrays. Oligonucleotides were synthesized in situ using photo deprotection chemistry with the Maskless Array Synthesizer system (NimbleGen, Madison, WI, USA). The microarrays were pre-hybridized with 1x MES hybridization buffer (100 mM 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid, 1.0 M Na+, 20 mM EDTA, 0.01% Tween 20), 40 µg of herring sperm DNA and 200 µg of acetylated BSA at 45°C for 15 min followed by hybridization with 10 µg of denatured and fragmented cRNA per microarray at 45°C for 20 h with constant rotation. After hybridization, the microarrays were immediately washed extensively with non-stringent buffer (6x SSPE, 0.01% Tween 20) at room temperature followed by a stringent wash (100 mM MES salt and free acid solution, 0.1 M Na+, 0.01% Tween 20) at 45°C. After the final rinse with the non-stringent buffer, the microarrays were stained with 1x stain buffer (100 mM MES, 1 M Na+, 0.05% Tween 20, 50 mg ml–1 BSA and 1 mg ml–1 Cy3-streptavidin) at room temperature for 25 min. The stain buffer was removed, and the microarrays were rinsed once more with non-stringent buffer. The microarrays were immediately dried under a stream of argon gas and scanned using an Axon GenePix 4000B scanner (Molecular Devices, Union City, CA, USA) at 5 µm resolution. The data were extracted from the raw images using NimbleScan software (NimbleGen, Madison, WI, USA), and then processed using NANDEMO Analysis software (GeneFrontier, Tokyo, Japan). Genes were regarded as changed if the expression differed over 1.5-fold between the two groups.

Flow Cytometry

The surface phenotypes of cells were identified by using monoclonal antibodies. FITC-labeled anti-CD3 (clone 145-2C11), PE-labeled anti-CD45R/B220 (RA3-6B2) and PE-labeled anti-CD62L (MEL-14) were purchased from PharMingen (San Diego, CA, USA). Fluorescence staining was performed at 4°C in 200 µl HBSS–FBS, after treatment of cells with unlabeled anti-CD16/32 Ab (2.4G2) in the same amount of staining buffer. Stained cells were then fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde dissolved in PBS and analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) on EPICS ELITE with logarithmic amplifier (Coulter Corp., Hialeah, FL, USA). Lymphoid cells were gated by the forward and side scatter gating method for the analysis of the lymphocyte population.

Statistical Analysis

Data were expressed as mean ± SD and differences between groups were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc analysis using Scheffe's test using a personal computer with the StatView-J program for Macintosh (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), and Welch's and Student's t-test were performed with DA Stats (ver 1.0, freeware soft, copyright® 1993 by Dr O. Nagata) after the variances of data were examined using the F-test. The P-values <0.05 were considered significant.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Stimulation of Intestinal IgA Immune Response Against Intestinal Antigen

Mice were orally immunized with OVA-microparticles 3 successive days with intragastric gavage. From 7 days after the onset of immunization, mice were boosted twice a week with the same antigen for 2 weeks. HET was orally administered to them via the intragastric route from 7 days before to 27 days after the onset of immunization. The intestinal washes were collected at day 27 from mice for measurement of titers of OVA-specific IgA antibody. By oral immunization of OVA-microparticle, OVA-specific IgA antibody was successfully induced in intestine (Fig. 3A). When HET was orally administered to the mice with the immunization, OVA-specific IgA antibody titers in intestinal washes were more significantly enhanced than that in water-administered control (Fig. 3A). In order to know whether HET enhances a basal level of secretory IgA production in the mucosal site, total IgA titer in intestinal washes were measured. No significant change in total IgA antibody level was observed by administration of HET in intestinal washes (Fig. 3B).


Figure 3
View larger version (31K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PowerPoint slide]
  		Figure 3. Effect of oral administrations of HET on OVA-specific IgA titer and total IgA antibody content in intestinal and nasal washes. OVA was entrapped into microparticles and then administered orally for immunization. Mice were immunized orally on days 0, 1, 2, 7, 10, 14 and 17 with 2 mg of OVA antigen via the intragastric route. HET (1000 mg kg–1) were orally administered to the mice with intragastric gavage from 7 days before to 27 days after the start of immunization. The intestinal and nasal washes were collected at day 28, and then the anti-OVA IgA antibody and total IgA content of the intestinal and nasal washes were determined by ELISA. (A) Anti-OVA IgA titer of intestinal wash. (B) Total IgA content of intestinal wash. (C) Anti-OVA IgA titer of nasal wash. (D) Total IgA content of nasal wash. Note: in our preliminary experiment, the administration of OVA free blank microparticles did not induce IgA immune response in gastric mucosa (data not shown). Data were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 10), and differences between groups were analyzed by ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis using Scheffe's test.

 
Enhancement of IgA Immune Response in the Distant Mucosal Tissue Against Intestinal Antigen

To evaluate whether HET can stimulate IgA antibody response in distant mucosal tissues, the OVA-specific IgA antibody titers in nasal washes were measured. No significant rise in OVA-specific IgA antibody titer in nasal washes was observed by oral immunization of OVA-microparticle alone (Fig. 3C). However, the IgA antibody titers in nasal washes were markedly enhanced by administration of HET, and the antibody titer was significantly higher than that of nasal washes from un-immunized mice (Fig. 3C). No significant change in total IgA antibody level was observed by the administration of HET in nasal washes (Fig. 3D). These results demonstrate the ability of orally administered HET to act as a mucosal adjuvant for the induction of specific IgA antibody responses in distant mucosal tissues.

Enhancement of IFN-{gamma} Secretion from Lymphocytes

To clarify the mechanisms of enhancement of mucosal IgA antibody response by HET, we studied the effect of HET on modulation of Th1-Th2 balance. When HET (1000 mg kg–1) was administered orally for 1 week, the IFN-{gamma} secretions of lymphocytes from spleen, peripheral blood and Peyer's patches were significantly higher than that of the cells from the control mice (Fig. 4A–C). Whereas, the IL-4 secretions of lymphocytes from spleen, peripheral blood and Peyer's patches were not changed by oral administration of HET (Fig. 4D–F). These results suggest that HET may promote differentiation of the lymphocytes toward the Th1 type cell.


Figure 4
View larger version (27K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PowerPoint slide]
  		Figure 4. Secretion of IFN-{gamma} and IL-4 by lymphocytes from the mice orally administered HET. HET (1000 mg kg–1) was orally administered for 1 week, and then the lymphocytes were isolated from spleen, peripheral blood and Payer's patches, respectively. The lymphocytes (2.5 x 106 cells ml–1) were cultured for 48 h under the stimulation with anti-CD3 antibody (1 µg ml–1). After the culture of lymphocytes, the culture supernatants were collected and the concentrations of IFN-{gamma} and IL-4 were analyzed by ELISA. Data were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 10), and differences between groups were analyzed by Welch's and Student's t-test.

 
Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression in Peyer's Patch Cells

Peyer's patch is the important lymphoid tissues in the intestine, and are known as the inductive sites for IgA production (10). To study the mechanisms of enhancement of mucosal IgA antibody response by HET, the changes in gene expression of Peyer's patch cells by administration of HET were investigated using DNA microarray. HET was administered for 1 week, and then Peyer's patch cells were isolated and gene expression was analyzed by microarray. When expression of 500 genes in Payer's patch cells were analyzed, eight genes showed significantly different expression in HET administered mice compared with control (Table 1). Of the eight genes, analysis focused on the up-regulation of L-selectin (also known as CD62L) gene expression, because L-selectin was widely considered most important for homing of lymphocytes (11–13).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1. Effect of HET on gene expression in Peyer's patch cells

 
Increase of the L-selectin Positive Cells in B Lymphocytes

In order to confirm the up-regulation of L-selectin by orally administered HET, the immunophenotypes of Peyer's patch cells and PBMC were investigated using FCM. While the percentage of CD3–CD62L– cells did not change, the percentage of CD3–CD62L+ cells was increased significantly in Peyer's patch cells from HET-treated mice compared with vehicle control mice (Table 2). The proportion of CD3–CD62L+ cells to CD3– cells was increased significantly in both Peyer's patch cells and PBMC from HET-treated mice compared with vehicle control mice (Table 2). It is widely known that CD3 is one of surface marker of T lymphocytes. Because both Peyer's patch cells and PBMC were mainly composed of T and B lymphocytes (data not shown), the CD3– cells were presumed to be B lymphocytes, though further studies on the CD3– cells are needed. These results suggest that orally administered HET up-regulates the L-selectin positive cells in B lymphocytes.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 2. Effect of orally administered HET on phenotype of lymphocytes from Peyer's patches and peripheral blood.

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
In order to analyze the effect of HET on IgA immune response against intestinal antigen, HET was administered to mice at a dose of 1000 mg kg–1 per day, which is equal to 20-fold for the clinical dose applied in human, in this study. It is widely known that humans have a low metabolic ability on drugs (14). Inversely, drugs are metabolized in mice more quickly than humans. Indeed, the hepatic clearance of drugs in humans was approximately one-seventh of that of other mammalians including mice (15). Furthermore, when compared to renal clearance rate between humans and mice, clearance in mice is about 10-fold greater than that of humans (16). Therefore, we used relatively high dosage.

OVA was chosen as an antigen because it has been used widely in immunological experiments and is a well-characterized antigen. However, oral administration of OVA alone is difficult to induce IgA immune response in gastric mucosa, because a small amount of the aqueous OVA antigen can be easily degraded in the digestive tract (17). Biodegradable microparticles have allowed protection of orally administered antigens against enzymatic degradation, to increase antigen uptake into the Peyer's patches through M cells, to enhance mucosal immune response and finally to induce a long and slow antigen release (18–20). Therefore, to induce the OVA-specific IgA antibody in mucosal site, OVA was entrapped into microparticles and then administered orally. By oral immunization of OVA-microparticle, OVA-specific IgA antibody was successfully induced in intestine and OVA-specific IgA titers in intestinal washes were significantly enhanced by oral administration of HET. These results suggest that orally administered HET may strengthen defensive systems against various pathogens and food antigens in intestine. So far as we know, this is the first description that oral administration of HET-enhanced mucosal IgA response against intestinal antigen.

The cytokine network plays an important role in inflammatory and immune responses (21–23). IFN-{gamma} and IL-4 are providing distinct help for either inflammatory or humoral immune responses, and are expressed in Th1 and Th2 cells, (24). Because the cytokine secretion pattern of lymphocytes shift towards a Th1-like response by oral administration of HET, the enhancement of mucosal IgA antibody response by HET can not be explained by the viewpoint of Th1-Th2 balance. Most of the IgA producing B cells and plasma cells are found in close proximity to the IEC, which lie on the surface of the intestine. These IEC transport the secreted IgA from the intestinal lamina propria across to the intestinal lumen and therefore play an important role in mucosal immune responses. However, several studies have shown that IEC have the capacity to produce several important immunoregulatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} and transforming growth factor-ß reviewed in references (25,26). HET might modulate cytokine secretion of IEC, and the mucosal IgA antibody secretion might be enhanced through action of these cytokines.

Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), also called membrane secretory component (SC), of epithelial cells in mucosa functions as a receptor for IgA (27), and it facilitates the transport of IgA through epithelial cells into surface of mucosa. Thus, pIgR is thought to be a key factor in mucosal immunity. It has been reported that IFN-{gamma} enhances expression of pIgR (28,29). In this study, enhanced IFN-{gamma} secretion was observed by oral administration of HET (Fig. 4A–C). Therefore, it is inferred that HET up-regulates expression on pIgR of epithelial cells in mucosal site via stimulation of IFN-{gamma}, and the enhanced pIgR might partly contribute to the enhanced IgA immune response. However, it is now not known whether HET up-regulate pIgR. Further studies are needed.

Mucosal immune systems in each local site such as gastrointestinal, pulmonary and genitourinary tracts and the exocrine glands connect each other through lymphocyte homing, and this intertissue communication is named as common mucosal immune system (CMIS) (30,31). Orally administered HET enhanced IgA immune response in not only intestinal mucosa but also nasal mucosa against orally administered OVA-microparticles. The IgA immune response in nasal mucosa against intestinal antigen may be explained by lymphocytes homing via CMIS. However, detailed mechanism is not known how HET enhanced IgA immune response in nasal tissues distant from intestine. All high endothelial venules of the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, as well as the draining head and neck lymph nodes referred to as cranial-, oral-, and nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, express peripheral lymph node vascular addressin (PNAd), and most lymphocytes binding to these tissues are mediated primarily through L-selectin–PNAd interactions (32,33). Lymphocyte homing to the nasal cavity and bronchopulmonary tissues in the humans and sheep is mediated by L-selectin–PNAd interactions rather than by mucosal addressin cell adhesin molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1)–{alpha}4ß7 integrin interactions (34–36). The results of DNA microarray and FCM analyses suggest that orally administered HET up-regulates L-selectin positive cells in B lymphocytes. Because L-selectin plays an important role in the recruitment of B lymphocyte to the non-intestinal mucosal effecter site (37,38), the up-regulation of L-selectin positive B lymphocytes by HET might partly contribute to the enhancement of IgA immune response in nasal mucosa after oral immunization with OVA-microparticles. In addition to L-selectin gene, HET modulated the expression of seven genes (Table 1). Presumably these gene products also play important roles in the enhanced IgA immune response by HET. In order to clarify the mechanism of enhanced IgA immune response and role of these gene products, further studies are required.

Our results revealed that HET enhances the mucosal IgA immune response. HET consists of ten component crude drugs, and is known to contain various compounds, which may possess immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive effects. Therefore, these may complicate the interpretation of results. At this point, several possibilities can be considered. Perhaps the HET extract acts as a polyclonal B cell stimulator. Previously, we reported on potent mitogenic polysaccharides from Bupleuri Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Astragali Radix, Atractylodis lanceae Rhizoma, Ginseng Radix and Angelicae Radix (39–41), which are component crude drugs of HET. These polysaccharides may play a role in the enhancement of IgA response via a polyclonal B cell activation as active constituents in HET. The mechanism of enhancement of IgA response by HET still remains obscure. To elucidate the action mechanisms of HET and active constituents in HET, further investigations are necessary.


  Footnotes
 
For reprints and all correspondence: Haruki Yamada, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan. E-mail: yamada{at}lisci.kitasato-u.ac.jp


   Acknowledgments
 
We would like to thank Dr T. Takahashi (Kitasato University) and Prof. Dr H. Terada (Tokyo University of Science) for helpful discussion. A part of this work was supported by a Grants-in Aid for Scientific Research from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. We would like to thank Dr I. Sakakibara (Tsumura & Co.) for analyses of TJ-41 by 3D-HPLC, and Ms M. Inoue for her technical assistance.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. Cho JM, Sato N, Kikuchi K. Prophylactic antitumor effect of Hochu-ekki-to (TJ-41) by enhancing natural killer cell activity. In vivo ( 1991;) 5:: 389–92.[Medline]
  2. Kataoka T, Akagawa KS, Tokunaga T, Nagao S. Activation of macrophages with Hochu-ekki-to. Jpn J Cancer Chemother ( 1989;) 16:: 1490–3.
  3. Mori K, Kido T, Daikuhara H, Sakakibara I, Sakata T, Shimizu K, et al. Effect of Hochu-ekki-to (TJ-41), a Japanese herbal medicine, on the survival of mice infected with influenza virus. Antivir Res ( 1999;) 44:: 103–11.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  4. Kiyohara H, Nagai T, Munakata K, Nonaka K, Hanawa T, Kim SJ, et al. Stimulating effect of Japanese herbal (kampo) medicine, Hochuekkito on upper respiratory mucosal immune system. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med ( 2006;) 3:: 459–67.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. McNabb PC. Host defense mechanisms at mucosal surfeces. Ann Rev Microbiol ( 1981;) 35:: 477–96.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  6. Ruedl C, Wolf H. Features of oral immunization. Int Arch Allergy Immunol ( 1995;) 108:: 334–9.[Web of Science][Medline]
  7. Jeffery H, Davis SS, O’Hagan DT. The preparation and characterization of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. II. The entrapment of a model protein using a (water-in-oil)-in-water emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Pharm Res ( 1993;) 10:: 362–8.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  8. Smith PK, Krohn RI, Hermanson GT, Mallia AK, Gartner FH, Provenzano MD, et al. Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Anal Biochem ( 1985;) 150:: 76–85.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  9. Matsumoto T, Yamada H. Orally administered kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine, "Juzen-Taiho-To" modulates cytokine secretion in gut associated lymphoreticular tissues in mice. Phytomedicine ( 2000;) 6:: 425–30.[Web of Science][Medline]
  10. Husband AJ, Gowans JL. The origin and antigen-dependent distribution of IgA-containing cells in the intestine. J Exp Med ( 1978;) 148:: 1146–60.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Gallatin WM, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. A cell-surface molecule involved in organ-specific homing of lymphocytes. Nature ( 1983;) 304:: 30–4.[CrossRef][Medline]
  12. Streeter PR, Rouse BT, Butcher EC. Immunohistologic and functional characterization of a vascular addressin involved in lymphocyte homing into peripheral lymph nodes. J Cell Biol ( 1988;) 107:: 1853–62.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Berg EL, Robinson MK, Warnock RA, Butcher EC. The human peripheral lymph node vascular addressin is a ligand for LECAM-1, the peripheral lymph node homing receptor. J Cell Biol ( 1991;) 114:: 343–9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Brodie BB. Of mice, microsomes and man. Pharmacologist ( 1964;) 6:: 12–26.
  15. Boxenbaum H. Interspecies variation in liver weight, hepatic blood flow, and antipyrine intrinsic clearance: extrapolation of data to benzodiazepines and phenytoin. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm ( 1980;) 2:: 165–76.
  16. Dedrick RL, Bischoff KB, Zaharko DS. Interspecies correlation of plasma concentration history of methotrexate (NSC-740). Cancer Chemother Rep ( 1970;) 54:: 95–101.[Web of Science][Medline]
  17. Nemoto-Kawamura C, Ishii K, Miyajima H, Hirahashi T H, Katoh T, Hayashi O. Effects of Spirulina phycocyanin ingestion on the mucosal antibody responses in mice. J Phys Fit Nutr Immunol ( 2003;) 13:: 102–11.
  18. Challacombe SJ, Rahman D, Jeffery H, Davis SS, O’Hagan DT. Enhanced secretory IgA and systemic IgG antibody responses after oral immunization with biodegradable microparticles containing antigen. Immunology ( 1992;) 76:: 164–8.[Web of Science][Medline]
  19. Ermak TH, Dougherty EP, Bhagat HR, Kabok Z, Pappo J. Uptake and transport of copolymer biodegradable microspheres by rabbit Peyer's patch M cells. Cell Tissue Res ( 1995;) 279:: 433–6.[Web of Science][Medline]
  20. O’Hagan DT. The intestinal uptake of particles and the implications for drug and antigen delivery. J Anat ( 1996;) 189:: 477–82.[Web of Science][Medline]
  21. Balkwill FR, Burke F. The cytokine network. Immunol Today ( 1989;) 10:: 299–304.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  22. Bellanti JA, Kadlec JV, Escobar-Gutierrez A. Cytokines and the immune response. Pediatr Clin North Am ( 1994;) 41:: 597–621.[Web of Science][Medline]
  23. Liles WC, Van Voorhis WC. Review: nomenclature and biologic significance of cytokines involved in inflammation and the host immune response. J Infect Dis ( 1995;) 172:: 1573–80.[Web of Science][Medline]
  24. Mosmann TR, Cherwinski H, Bond MW, Giedlin MA, Coffman RL. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol ( 1986;) 136:: 2348–57.[Abstract]
  25. Goodrich ME, McGee DW. Regulation of mucosal B cell immunoglobulin secretion by intestinal epithelial cell-derived cytokines. Cytokine ( 1998;) 10:: 948–55.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  26. Kagnoff MF, Eckmann L. Epithelial cells as sensors for microbial infection. J Clin Invest ( 1997;) 100:: 6–10.[Web of Science][Medline]
  27. Brandtzaeg P, Prydz H. Direct evidence for an integrated function of J chain and secretory component in epithelial transport of immunoglobulins. Nature ( 1984;) 311:: 71–3.[CrossRef][Medline]
  28. Sollid LM, Kvale D, Brandtzaeg P, Markussen G, Thorsby E. Interferon-{gamma} enhances expression of secretory component, the epitherial receptor for polymeric immunoglobulins. J Immunol ( 1987;) 138:: 4303–6.[Abstract]
  29. Phillips JO, Everson MO, Moldoveanu Z, Lue C, Mestecky J. Synergistic effect of IL-4 and IFN-{gamma} on the expression of polymeric Ig receptor (secretory component) and IgA binding by human epitherial cells. J Immunol ( 1990;) 145:: 1740–4.[Abstract]
  30. McGhee JR, Mestecky J, Dertzbaugh MT. The mucosal immune system: from fundamental concepts to vaccine development. Vaccine ( 1992;) 10:: 75–88.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  31. Kiyono H, Fukuyama S. NALT-versus Peyer's-patch-mediated mucosal immunity. Nat Rev Immunol ( 2004;) 4:: 699–710.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  32. Csencsits KL, Jutila MA, Pascual DW. Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue: phenotypic and functional evidence for the primary role of peripheral node addressin in naive lymphocyte adhesion to high endothelial venules in a mucosal site. J Immunol ( 1999;) 163:: 1382–9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  33. Michie SA, Streeter PR, Bolt PA, Butcher EC, Picker LJ. The human peripheral lymph node vascular addressin: an inducible endothelial antigen involved in lymphocyte homing. Am J Pathol ( 1993;) 143:: 1688–98.[Abstract]
  34. Abitorabi MA, Mackay CR, Jerome EH, Osorio O, Butcher EC, Erle DJ. Differential expression of homing molecules on recirculating lymphocytes from sheep gut, peripheral, and lung lymph. J Immunol ( 1996;) 156:: 3111–7.[Abstract]
  35. Picker LJ, Martin RJ, Trumble A, Newman LS, Collins PA, Bergstresser PR, et al. Differential expression of lymphocyte homing receptors by human memory/effector T cells in pulmonary versus cutaneous immune effector sites. Eur J Immunol ( 1994;) 24:: 1269–77.[Web of Science][Medline]
  36. Quiding M, Lakew M, Granstrom G, Nordstrom I, Holmgren J, Czerkinsky C. Induction of specific antibody responses in the human nasopharyngeal mucosa. Adv Exp Med Biol ( 1995;) 371B:: 1445–50.
  37. Csencsits KL, Walters N, Pascual DW. Cutting edge: dichotomy of homing receptor dependence by mucosal effector B cells: E versus L-selectin. J Immunol ( 2001;) 167:: 2441–5.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  38. Csencsits KL, Pascual DW. Absence of L-selectin delays mucosal B cell responses in nonintestinal effector tissues. J Immunol ( 2002;) 169:: 5649–59.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  39. Zhao JF, Kiyohara H, Yamada H, Takemoto N, Kawamura H. Heterogeneity and characterisation of mitogenic and anti-complementary pectic polysaccharides from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch et D.C. Carbohydr Res ( 1991;) 219:: 149–72.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  40. Yamada H, Kiyohara H, Takemoto N, Zhao JF, Kawamura H, Komatsu Y, et al. Mitogenic and complement activating activities of the herbal components of juzen-taiho-to. Planta Med ( 1992;) 58:: 166–70.[Web of Science][Medline]
  41. Sakurai MH, Matsumoto T, Kiyohara H, Yamada H. B-cell proliferation activity of pectic polysaccharide from a medicinal herb, the roots of Bupleurum falcatum L. and its structural requirement. Immunology ( 1999;) 97:: 540–7.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Received July 7, 2007; accepted September 18, 2007


Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrowOA All Versions of this Article:
7/1/69    most recent
nem166v1
Right arrow E-letters: Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when E-letters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Matsumoto, T.
Right arrow Articles by Yamada, H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Matsumoto, T.
Right arrow Articles by Yamada, H.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?